Washington and Beijing’s bitter commerce spat over uncommon earths—the highly effective components which might be essential to protection and different superior applied sciences—has left susceptible European leaders anxious that they might be subsequent.
A long time of Chinese language authorities funding within the nation’s home trade have allowed China to command the worldwide provide chains for uncommon earths, with Beijing establishing a chokehold over 85 % of processing and greater than 90 % of magnet manufacturing. When U.S. President Donald Trump launched his commerce warfare in April, China fired again by leveraging that dominance and proscribing rare-earth exports—delivering a pointy warning not solely to the White Home however to all of Beijing’s commerce companions.
Washington and Beijing’s bitter commerce spat over uncommon earths—the highly effective components which might be essential to protection and different superior applied sciences—has left susceptible European leaders anxious that they might be subsequent.
A long time of Chinese language authorities funding within the nation’s home trade have allowed China to command the worldwide provide chains for uncommon earths, with Beijing establishing a chokehold over 85 % of processing and greater than 90 % of magnet manufacturing. When U.S. President Donald Trump launched his commerce warfare in April, China fired again by leveraging that dominance and proscribing rare-earth exports—delivering a pointy warning not solely to the White Home however to all of Beijing’s commerce companions.
Like Washington, Europe stays highly vulnerable to Beijing’s rare-earth grip. “If China can do that to the US, it may possibly do it to anybody,” mentioned Ilaria Mazzocco, an professional in financial safety on the Middle for Strategic and Worldwide Research. “There’s nothing stopping China from doing this once more.”
Europe’s fears are sure to return to the fore this week as prime officers descend on Beijing for a European Union-China summit, which kicks off on Thursday. Whereas in China, European Council President António Costa and European Fee chief Ursula von der Leyen are expected to push for stronger rare-earth entry in high-level talks with Chinese language President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang.
Europe desires a “extra dependable rare-earth provide coming from China,” mentioned Tom Moerenhout, who heads the Important Supplies Initiative at Columbia College’s Middle on World Power Coverage. “They don’t wish to be dragged into the boxing match that [the] U.S. and China are having right this moment.”
This week’s summit could also be celebrating 50 years of bilateral ties between Beijing and Brussels, however the temper heading into the high-stakes occasion is something however rosy. Uncommon-earth entry is only one in an extended checklist of international coverage and commerce challenges at the moment straining the connection, together with divisions over Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and an influx of Chinese electric vehicles that has riled Brussels.
It’s not solely China that’s vexing European officers, both. The summit is coming throughout a fraught time in European politics, as Brussels concurrently grapples with the Trump administration’s painful trade war and a breakdown in trans-Atlantic ties. “Europe feels pressured on all sides,” Mazzocco mentioned.
These tensions have been thrown into sharp aid in latest weeks, as each Beijing and Brussels commerce barbs over EU sanctions, Ukraine, and China’s industrial overcapacity and commerce measures.
“Let me be clear: If our partnership is to maneuver ahead, we want a real rebalancing—fewer market distortions, much less overcapacity exported from China, and honest, reciprocal entry for European companies in China,” von der Leyen declared in a fiery speech this month.
Beijing sees issues in a different way. China believes that Europe must “come to phrases with actuality” and recalculate its relationship with each Washington and Beijing, mentioned Yun Solar, the director of the China program on the Stimson Middle.
From Beijing’s perspective, Europe “can’t afford to deal with China as [the] enemy,” Solar added.
Looming over all of those frictions are Europe’s rare-earth vulnerabilities. European lawmakers have long been eager to safe new provide chains for uncommon earths and different vital minerals and have lately scrambled to spice up domestic projects, forge new world partnerships, and unveil new legislation to spice up home trade. Considered one of Brussels’s greatest legislative pushes, the Critical Raw Materials Act, units key targets for extraction, processing, and recycling which might be geared toward slashing the continent’s dependence on Chinese language provide chains.
For European officers, the U.S.-China commerce warfare and Beijing’s punishing rare-earth countermeasures—which roiled the U.S. market and triggered disruptions in Europe—have solely underscored the significance of diversifying away from China.
Brussels could now be accelerating its efforts as effectively. This week, von der Leyen—who’s currently in Japan—announced the launching of a “competitiveness alliance” with Tokyo, together with to mine uncommon earths.
However difficult China on uncommon earths won’t be really easy, largely as a result of Beijing’s decades-long lead within the trade has given it a sweeping grip over market provide, permitting it to affect world costs and push out rivals.
The rare-earth market is extremely opaque, and firms are contending with large experience gaps and monetary challenges. Forging new provide chains, too, isn’t only a query of discovering a brand new mine; it requires an entire ecosystem of processing and manufacturing capabilities.
In contrast to the US, the EU additionally has the added problem of coordinating amongst its member states, all of which have their very own pursuits and priorities. Again in 2022, it took the warfare in Ukraine and punishing Russian natural gas cutoffs to lastly power European nations to start to wean themselves off Moscow’s provide, which had lengthy been a lifeline for the continent.
“My concern is, as we now have usually seen with Europe, is Europe strikes terribly gradual till they’ve to maneuver quick—after which they transfer quick,” Moerenhout mentioned. The “most cancers of uncooked materials dependence is just not one thing, sadly, that makes Europe transfer quick.”
Nonetheless, after watching Washington reel from China’s rare-earth restrictions, Europe could select to dash ahead this time round.
“The message is obvious: that China may harm European corporations considerably,” Mazzocco mentioned. “There’s been a transparent financial safety message that’s been transmitted.”
